Corredor de Granos: eslabón fundamental para el desarrollo de los mercados
Esteban V. Moscariello (Moscariello, Nallino & Domingo)
Fuente: PuntoBiz
El objeto del presente artículo es analizar la figura del corredor de granos y su importancia en la comercialización de cereales, oleaginosas y subproductos. El corredor de granos es un intermediario entre la oferta y la demanda en la compraventa de granos.
En esta función, los mismos nunca detentan la propiedad de la mercadería y la retribución que reciben por su actuación es una comisión variable, siendo éste es el único interés que tienen en la compraventa. La comisión, es de tipo convencional acordándose con el vendedor y el comprador de la mercadería, de acuerdo al principio de la autonomía de la voluntad. Con la sanción de la Ley n° 25.028 de 1999, se modificó la regulación de la figura del corredor.
Esta Ley deroga el capítulo I del Libro I del Título IV del Código de Comercio (De los corredores) y la Ley N° 22.082 y se incorpora un nuevo capitulo, el XIII, que se integra al Decreto-Ley N° 20.266/73. Si bien, consideramos que la actividad del corredor de granos no encuentra similitud con otras actividades, debemos mencionar que el contrato de corretaje es un acuerdo entre el corredor y el comitente, queda fuera de toda duda que la Ley N° 25.028 se aplica tanto a los corredores inmobiliarios, como así también a los corredores de granos, en cuanto intermedian en negocios sobre cosas muebles.
[ii] En su mayoría las firmas corredoras de granos están constituidas como sociedades comerciales y no tienen objeto único, deben estar inscriptas en el Registro Público de Comercio, en la AFIP y la ONCCA dentro de la categoría de corredores. En el funcionamiento del mercado granario, la actividad del corredor de granos es esencial para el mercado físico de granos, brindando transparencia y eficiencia al mismo.
A su vez, con su actuación produce el descubrimiento de los precios en el mercado, que permite llegar dentro de la puja de la oferta y demanda a un precio justo por el producto, beneficiando no sólo con su actuación al comercio agrícola sino a la economía del país en su conjunto.
En el comercio de granos existe una importante concentración de la demanda y una dispersión de la oferta, ello significa una atomización de la oferta por la gran cantidad de productores en nuestro país. Los corredores de granos brindan transparencia al comercio de granos, operan dentro del marco institucional de un mercado y hacen que la oferta sea fluida[iii].
Con su intervención, fortalecen la oferta ante la demanda que se encuentra concentrada y tiene una posición más fuerte en el mercado. En nuestro análisis, mencionamos la atomización de la oferta, pues bien, esta otorga a los corredores una función económica relevante, posibilitando la circulación de bienes y la prestación de distintos servicios.
En referencia a la importante función económica que cumplen, podemos mencionar que durante el año 2005 los contratos registrados en las bolsas de cereales del país, con intervención de corredores, fueron de algo más de 37 millones de toneladas. La producción comercializada durante ese año fue de alrededor de 75 millones de toneladas, los contratos registrados con su intervención alcanzó a casi el 50% de los granos comercializados[iv].
También debemos mencionar que con su actividad, se generan 3000 puestos de trabajos directos a nivel nacional y los corredores, en su mayoría, son PYMES de capital nacional con mano de obra calificada y realizan importantes inversiones en tecnologías y en sistemas de información. En teoría, los precios que se forman en los mercados deben ser la expresión más exacta del valor de cambio de los productos[v], es allí donde destacamos la eficiencia del mercado físico-spot[vi], donde el rol del corredor de granos se destaca, evitando con su accionar la desaparición de los mercados[vii] y brindando transparencia a los mismos, ya que pone en igualdad de condiciones en la negociación a todos sus comitentes y, a su vez, permite contrarrestar la asimetría del mercado, ya que todos pueden acceder a la misma información, en igualdad de condiciones, de esa manera, las operaciones comerciales mantienen un equilibrio.
En nuestros mercados, que son sumamente competitivos y eficientes, es donde la figura del corredor de granos tiene una función determinante, con un compromiso ineludible con la libertad del comercio, protegiendo el proceso de formación de precios, y que éste sea cada vez más transparente. Las actividades de las bolsas y mercados han evolucionado y hoy en día mencionamos como sus funciones esenciales la de reducir los costos de transacción, la formación de precios, brindar transparencia al mercado y por último la transmisión del riesgo.
Otra de las características que podemos mencionar como esencial, además de la transparencia, es la internacionalización de los mercados; en la actualidad podemos operar en cualquier mercado del mundo.
Esta situación ha planteado la necesidad de control por parte de diferentes organismos. Así, se evitan maniobras fraudulentas que pueden restar transparencia a un mercado y repercutir negativamente en la operatoria de otro mercado vinculado con aquel primero. La actividad del corredor de granos, conforme a los usos y costumbres, tiene un perfil particular y diferente. Las operaciones en el mercado se realizan en forma verbal, a viva voz, es allí donde nos encontramos con una característica básica de su actividad.
Este no es un principio menor y, adquiere mayor relevancia, en un país donde los acuerdos no están hechos para ser respetados y donde no existen reglas claras. Otra característica de esta actividad es: el principio de la buena fe, ella exige convicción en su accionar y rectitud de conducta, de esta manera se busca impedir actuaciones abusivas de las partes. Entre las principales funciones y servicios que desarrolla el corredor de granos podemos mencionar[viii]: desde la información del mercado hasta el asesoramiento sobre las alternativas de negociación de la mercadería correspondiente, la búsqueda del mejor precio y tratativas con el comprador, conformidad del vendedor, confección de documentación inherente a la transacción (que con los años se ha convertido en excesiva), registración de los contratos de compraventa, seguimiento de la entrega de la mercadería, envío de muestras de la mercadería entregada para los análisis de calidad, facturación de la entrega por cuenta y orden del vendedor, percepción y remisión de los importes cobrados, sin dejar de señalar el ejercicio de la representación del vendedor ante entidades o cámaras en caso de litigios por cualquier aspecto o diferencia surgida en el negocio, ni contar todas las funciones y obligaciones que los organismos de fiscalización y control le suman a la actividad, las cuales implican mayores costos y riesgos para la misma.
Continuando con nuestro análisis, no podemos dejar de mencionar los usos y costumbres, columna vertebral de la actividad comercial agropecuaria. Además, la costumbre es fuente de lo justo convencional[ix], si se realiza una determinada actividad por la cual no existe disposición legal que la regule, no existe motivo para apartarse de esa actuación, en más si el legislador quiere regularla legalmente no debe distanciarse de estos principios.
Es así, como la costumbre garantiza, dos principios: orden y seguridad fundamentales para la actividad del corredor. Estos mercados, se fundamentan “en la existencia de una comunidad de negocios altamente especializada, que interactúa dentro del conjunto de la cadena agrícola y agroindustrial”[x].
Cada mercado, dentro del marco institucional de un bolsa, funciona como entidad autorregulada (SRO’s[xi]) que establecen sus propias regulaciones, disposiciones y reglamentos, brindando transparencia, seguridad y legalidad a las operaciones realizan los diferentes actores del mismo. De tal manera, existen normas reglamentarias propias de las bolsas y mercados cuyo funcionamiento constituye un activo nacional esencial para el crecimiento económico y la prosperidad[xii], la integridad de los mercados es importante para el inversor en general y además constituye una cuestión de interés público general.
Los actores bursátiles deben buscar imparcialidad, transparencia y honestidad en sus transacciones para proteger al público inversor.
Por otro lado, no podemos dejar de mencionar el destacado rol de los usos y costumbres en la actividad comercial agropecuaria, y así también decimos que deben tener un reconocimiento de su pleno funcionamiento donde existen lagunas normativas que pueden afectar el normal desarrollo productivo. No obstante todo lo dicho, no podemos dejar de mencionar que desde hace unos años el comercio de granos está sometido a una constante incertidumbre legislativa, presión tributaria y creciente intervención de los mercados. Esta incertidumbre les impide a los empresarios hacer planes serios a largo plazo y los lleva a modificar continuamente su plan de negocios, adaptándose a las demandas y exigencias del poder central.
Por último, queremos resaltar que el corredor tiene como imperativo categórico, la conducción de sus negocios de tal manera que se promuevan la protección de los intereses de sus clientes y la integridad del mercado. Los negocios deben conducirse por parte de los intermediarios de forma que se refleje prácticas sanas en los negocios, se debe fomentar la integridad del mercado y la confianza de sus comitentes, es así, como realmente actúa el corredor de granos en los mercados en la Argentina.
//////////////////////////////////////////
[ii]Dictamen Estudio Jurídico Moscariello, Nallino & Domingo presentado al Centro de Corredores de Rosario [iii]Manual del Operador de Granos – Bolsa de Comercio de Rosario – 2003 - pág. 63 [iv] Informativo Semanal - “La importancia del corretaje de granos” - Año XXV - N° 1270 – 01/09/2006 – Bolsa de Comercio de Rosario [v]Radresa, Emilio – “Bolsas y contratos bursátiles” – Edit. Depalma – 1995 – pág. 304 [vi]Al referirnos al mercado físico-spot hacemos referencia al Mercado Físico de Granos de la Bolsa de Comercio de Rosario, como el más importante de la Argentina y del mundo. [vii]Informativo Semanal - “La importancia del corretaje de granos” - Año XXV - N° 1270 – 01/09/2006 – Bolsa de Comercio de Rosario [viii]Centro de Corredores de Cereales de Rosario - “Qué es el corredor de cereales y el impacto de su actividad en la economía de la Región y de la ciudad de Rosario”– 2006 – ww.centrodecorredores.org.ar [ix]Castiglione, Julio César – “La Costumbre Jurídica” – LLNOA – 2000, pág. 730 [x]Weskamp, Alejandro - “La importancia del descubrimiento del precio en los mercados granarios” – Revista de la Bolsa de Comercio de Rosario – Año XCVI N° 1499 – Agosto de 2006 – pág. 39 [xi]Self-Regulatory Organizations: mercados o entidades autorreguladas [xii]Council of Securities Regulators of the Americas -“Principios para una supervisión efectiva del Mercado” –– Año 1995 - COSRA
Dr. Esteban V. Moscariello - Abogado
Moscariello, Nallino & Domingo - Abogados
0341-153-073757
moscarielloe@arnet.com.ar / esteban@moscariello-nallino.com.ar
Fuente: PuntoBiz


35 comentarios:
El corredor de granos es fundamental para brindar transparencia a los mercados. Excelente artículo.
Muy bueno el articulo... de fundamental importancia el papel de la actividad economica que realizan los corredores de granos para lograr EFICIENCIA en el sistema comercial de granos.
Leonel Alberto Soda
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Playing bingo needs more than luck or skills and techniques, contrary to what most believe. Bingo, just like any game of chance, comes with rules and regulations that players should observe. Being a player comes with responsibilities and etiquette.
Winning the Game
The moment you figured out you won, you must immediately yell BINGO, and it should be loud enough for the floor walker to hear. The pot money shall be given to the winner once their winning card is confirmed. Well, in winning or once you know you just won, the most important thing is that you shout the winning word BEFORE the time elapses. If the game proceeds and the next number is mentioned and you failed to shout "Bingo", your winning card is disqualified. Therefore, this is the rule you must know.
There may be cases when there are two winners, and in this case the pot money shall be divided equally among the winners. Supposing there are two winning cards, the two winners will share half the prize money.
Bingo Game Rules
Bingo rules are basically the same no matter in which Online Bingo hall you play. But still it's good if you know these rules by heart. If it is your first try, then ask for handouts and inquire from pros regarding the game rules. Nonetheless, the ideal thing to do if you have questions is to ask the floor walker and not the person seated beside you. You should clarify things and doubts before the game starts because asking too many questions as the game proceeds could well distract you. This guideline also applies to those who are newcomers at casinos, those who play roulette for the first time.
Bingo halls demand an age limit of 18 years old. If you are below this age, you are prohibited to play. Some bingo houses ban alcohol inside, so players aren't supposed to take liquor nor drink it inside the venue. Smoking may also be restricted inside the venue, as there are designated smoking sections.
Take note that some Bingo houses don't allow food but some do, so it basically depends on the venue. Policies vary among different venues. For instance, some bingo halls allow reservation of cards, while others don't allow it. Some allow people to leave the venue in the middle of the game, others forbid it. But there are general policies observed in all bingo houses, such as disqualification of tampered bingo cards. There is no way you can get away with a tampered card because the walkers are adept at identifying authentic cards from tampered ones. You could be banned from a bingo establishment if proven liable of tampering a card. Hence, you should play honestly.
Interestingly, some venues offer special bingo games for kids although some halls don't allow players to have companions while playing. Suppose you bring kids with you, don't let them run around the venue and bother other gamers. They should behave well whilst you play and the game proceeds. Play quietly and don't recite the numbers you desperately want to come off because you'll be much of a disturbance if you do. Decorous playing is expectant of all players, even those who play roulette at casinos. Also, having a valid identification is important because you don't know you might win and need to present credentials.
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